Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism in Eastern Africa in the COVID-19 Era

Summary

This policy paper examines the immediate and remote causes of violent extremism and formulates strategies for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (PCVE) in Eastern Africa, with particular focus on the challenges and opportunities presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on primary data from a high-level stakeholder dialogue involving policymakers, civil society organizations, academia, and media representatives, alongside secondary data from desk research, the paper analyzes how the pandemic has created an enabling environment for extremist recruitment through increased social media exposure during lockdowns. The study identifies key drivers of violent extremism including religious misinterpretation, marginalization, unemployment, technological access to radicalization materials, and adventurous spirit. It highlights how al-Shabaab remains the primary threat in the region, exploiting porous borders, state fragility, and weak democratic institutions. The paper reveals that recruitment occurs not only in traditional hotspots but also through digital platforms, with social media emerging as a new frontier for radicalization during COVID-19 containment measures. The authors propose comprehensive strategies including: strong regional collaboration within the East African Community framework; investments in research, training, and advocacy; timely information sharing; psychosocial support for victims and repentant militants; youth empowerment through employment and vocational training; and evidence-based policy implementation. The paper underscores the dual role of technology—both as a tool for radicalization and as a potential solution—and emphasizes the importance of gender dynamics and community-based approaches in building resilience against violent extremism. The findings contribute to understanding the evolving ecology of violent extremism in Eastern Africa and offer concrete policy recommendations for regional governments, international partners, and civil society organizations working to address this persistent security challenge in the COVID-19 era and beyond.

Keywords

P/CVE, Eastern Africa, COVID-19, Wilson Center

Preview